1. Lyndsay Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," Journal of the Polynesian Society (1992), v. 101, n. 1, p. 7.
  2. Lyndsay Head, "Te Ua Haumene," Dictionary of New Zealand Biography ed. W. H. Oliver, (Wellington: Historical Branch of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1990), v. 1, . 511-512.
  3. Herbert Williams, Christianity among the New Zealanders (London: Seeley Jackson and Halliday, 1867), p. 46.

    In the Ua Rongopai ledger-book, Te Ua makes reference to the niu, imploring followers to "Practise the things you were taught. You have the niu and the guidance of the Spirit, so that your people may enter in under you. Do not shut it; keep it open, for good or ill." Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 23.
  4. Judith Binney, "Wars and Survival," People and the Land: Te Tangata me Te Whenua (Auckland: Allen and Unwin, 1990), p. 130.
  5. Bronwyn Elsmore, Mana from heaven: a century of Maori prophets in New Zealand (Tauranga: Moana Press, 1989), p. 200.
  6. James Cowan, New Zealand Wars and the Pioneering Period (Wellington: Government Printer, 1922 [Reprinted 1983]), v. 2, p. 88.

    Herbert Meade, Ride through the Disturbed Districts of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1870), . 127-128.
  7. personal communication, T. Smith, Wellington, (January, 1995)
  8. Roger Neich, Painted Histories (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1993), p 171-173.

    "Te Tokanganui-a-Noho was built for the Maori King, Tawhiao, who had been a follower of Pai Marire since 1864. The practice of alying of niu symbolism to buildings was spread rapidly from the King Country to the East Coast, Poverty Bay, Hawke's Bay and the Bay of Plenty regions. These motifs were repeated in a number of meeting-houses by the builders of Te Tokanganui-a-noho, other followers of Te Kooti and impressed Kingitanga adherents who wanted to emulate the new style." Neich, Painted Histories p. 173, 184.
  9. Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 13.
  10. Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 14.
  11. personal communication, Mr R. C. A. Maaka, (28 May, 1989); Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 14-15.
  12. Angela Ballara, (& Mita Carter), "Te Korou, Te Retimana," Dictionary of New Zealand Biography ed. W. H. Oliver (Wellington: Historical Branch of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1990), v. 1, p. 466.
  13. Angela Ballara, (& Mita Carter), "Te Korou, Te Retimana," p. 467.
  14. Binney, "Wars and Survival," p. 160.
  15. Neich, Painted Histories p. 171.

    The club symbol, seen on three flags, was also alied to the architecture of Rua Kenana in the early twentieth century.
  16. James Cowan, Kimble Bent [sic], (Christchurch: Caper Press, 1911 [Reprinted 1975]), p. 80.
  17. Angela Ballara, "Report on Marginalia in 'Ko te Kawenata Hou,'"(Wellington: MS Papers 4754, Manuscript Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library, 1993), p. 1.
  18. Ballara, "Report on Marginalia in 'Ko te Kawenata Hou,'" p. 1.
  19. Ballara, "Report on Marginalia in 'Ko te Kawenata Hou,'" p. 1.
  20. Ua Rongopai, chapter 2, (January 13, 1863); Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 19.
  21. Evelyn Stokes, "Pai Marire and the Niu at Kuranui," (Hamilton: Centre for Maori Studies and Research, University of Waikato, 1980), (Occasional Paper n. 6), p. 50.
  22. Stokes, "Pai Marire and the Niu at Kuranui," p. 51.

    As Stokes has mentioned, shipbuilding and coastal shiing were established industries in Tauranga at the time these images were drawn. Stokes, "Pai Marire and the Niu at Kuranui," p. 51.
  23. Pencil, water-colour and ink, or sometimes combinations of pencil and water-colour or pencil and ink were used.
  24. Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 38. (note there were no serpents in New Zealand.)
  25. Stokes, "Pai Marire and the Niu at Kuranui," p. 54.
  26. Head, "The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene," p. 17, 27.
  27. Matthew 26: 64; see also Mark 13: 26, Matthew 24: 30, Revelation 14: 14.
  28. Beatriz Colomina, Privacy and Publicity - Modern Architecture as Mass Media (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994), p. 90.
  29. Bernard Smith, Imagining the Pacific - In the Wake of the Cook Voyages (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 31.
  30. Binney, "Wars and Survival," p. 123, 124.
  31. Nola Easdale, Kairuri - The Measurer of the Land (Wellington: Highgate/Price Milburn, 1988), p. 7.
  32. Barbara De Vries, "Colonial Surveyors of New Zealand - 1840-76, An Overview," New Zealand Surveyor (1974) v. 27, n. 5, p. 511. Easdale, Kairuri - The Measurer of the Land p. 12.
  33. The use of surveyor's jargon in niu chants is well documented, (Cowan, New Zealand Wars and the Pioneering Period), so, it seems plausible that previous survey work might have also provided Pai Marire artists with some technical knowledge of draughting.
  34. Peter Lineham, "This is my Weapon," Mission and Moko: The Church Missionary Society in New Zealand ed. Robert Glen (Christchurch: Latimer Fellowship, 1992), p. 177.
  35. Barry Barclay, "The Held Image," AGMANZ (1989) v. 20, n. 1, p. 4.
  36. Charles Royal, Te Haurapa - An Introduction to Researching Tribal Histories and Traditions (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books/Historical Branch of the Department of Internal Affairs, 1993), p. 24-25.
  37. Colomina, Privacy and Publicity p. 9.
  38. Michael Goldsmith, "The Tradition of Invention," Other Sites ed. Michael Goldsmith & Keith Barber (Palmerston North: Massey University, 1992), p. 37.
  39. Leonard Bell, "Under Capricorn - Some Partial Observations," Art New Zealand (1994) n. 71, p. 51.
  40. Goldsmith, "The Tradition of Invention," p. 36.
  41. Royal, Te Haurapa p. 26.
  42. Royal, Te Haurapa p. 26.
  43. Talal Asad, "From the History of Colonial Anthropology to the Anthropology of Western Hegemony," Colonial Situations ed. George Stocking (Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), p. 315.
  44. Asad, "From the History of Colonial Anthropology to the Anthropology of Western Hegemony," p. 315.
  45. Goldsmith, "The Tradition of Invention," p. 30.